Bilingualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bilingualism - Essay Example eaching and measuring tools for bilingualism have not yet been sufficiently developed, evidences that bilingualism is good and productive for individuals point to the direction that more work be conducted in refining both teaching and measuring tools. A bilingual person is someone who speaks two languages. A person who speaks more than two languages is called multilingual (Birner n.d.). According to Chan (1998) the definition of bilingualism can be arbitrary due to different connotations for different people. Bloomfield, an American linguist defines bilingualism as a native like control of two languages. Thià ©ry, a French linguist defines a true bilingual as one who can at all times be taken for a native speaker by native speakers of either language. Haugen, a Norwegian-American linguist says that bilingualism starts when a speaker of one language can produce complete and meaningful utterances in another language. Diebold states its compliment that a type of bilingualism commences when a person begins to understand utterances in a second language. Bilingualism or multilingualism is no longer a rarity in today’s world. With the promotion of English as the global language most societies today know English as well as a native language and sometimes even a regional language. A lot of people, too, especially those who function in international circles have become multilingual in order to accomplish their everyday tasks. People become bilingual by acquiring two languages at the same time in childhood as in the case of most countries where the medium of instruction is different from the native language or in cases where the educational system provides for learning more than one language. Bilingualism can also be achieved by deliberately learning a second language, like in the case of migrants who have to learn a second language if they have migrated to a place where a different language is used. In order to develop bilingualism, the individual must be exposed to both

Research methodology.research methods Dissertation

Research methodology.research methods - Dissertation Example There are different styles of research which are in practice, including the document study which is exploratory one, the questionnaire study which is analytical and the interview study which is based on theoretical observations. Document study is about collecting facts, while interview and questionnaire methods are to understand individuals’ perceptions in the descriptive and theoretical manner (Bell, 2010). Interview research uses non-numerical and unstructured data, more than this, it has research questions which are more general at the start, and get specific as the study progresses (Teddlie, 2009). This chapter introduces three methods of research; the interview, the questionnaire, and the document research methods. Furthermore, the strengths and weaknesses of each of the method will be highlighted. The chapter also discusses the ethical code of conduct of the study. Introducing the Research Methods (Interview, Document and Questionnaire) Document Method (Strengths and Wea knesses) First method is the document research which is based on analysis of primary and secondary documents. The primary documents may include the experimental data, such as responses’ data of a particular company or organization. Secondary documents may include books, periodicals, journal articles and scholarly abstracts which assist the researcher to collect secondary-theoretical information on the study (Johnson & Christensen, 2010). There are two main sources of data collection in document research: secondary and primary documents (Guest, 2011). Further, the document research applies two approaches: source-oriented document research and problem-oriented document research. The source-oriented research means collection of the secondary documents which is to build the ground of the research - the subject. On the other hand, problem oriented research refers to collection of the primary documents which aim is to identify the problem, objective and purpose of research (Johnson & Christensen, 2010). One weaknesses of document research is that it entails a large set of data from documents, which needs to be filtered out for conducting the research. Apart that, document method applies to the HRM subjective studies and therefore provides the reason to the researcher to get it adapted for its research (Teddlie, 2009). The Questionnaire Method (Strengths and Weaknesses) The second common research method is the questionnaire which is based on a designed set of closed-ended questions (Griffith & Layne, 1999). The researchers had to have a certain aim before they apply the questionnaire method. As the method requires certain objectives, they limit the method with its purpose of application. Moreover, as the questionnaire is designed on the basis of close-ended questions, it cannot produce the effective descriptive information on the study which is the most essential to conduct a research. The responses collected through questionnaire are fixed and not changing, t hey are more specific and less detailed (Griffith & Layne, 1999). Interpretation and findings in questionnaire are entirely based on statistical elaboration. The more effective the statistical analysis of the study is, the more useful and effective the information will be in the questionnaire to get used as findings or interpretation. The Interview Method (Strengths and Weaknesses) The third adaptive method is the interview, which is based on formation of thematic questions and questions to be deployed on interviewees for thematic answers. The interview is in a way similar to questionnaire method, as it details questions; but still it differs as it brings descriptive information from the respondents (Griffith & Layne, 1999). The interview guideline based on a set of thematic questions can generate productive information for research. It can bring changing perception of individuals and also changing opinions of respondents on a particular subject or theme, which a questionnaire canno t do (Griffith & Layne

Reforming Global Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reforming Global Finance - Essay Example The stability of the global market destabilized to an extent that the economy of the rest of the world, including Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, and South Korea went into economic meltdown. This was so severe that it called for the intervention of the humanitarian groups, like Jubilee 2000, who advocated for the cancellation of the debts owed by the poorest countries. The Central bank decided to chip in and try to resolve the situation therein. They worked for 24hours just to see the thing go back in order. Hazel introduces John Perkins, who is an economist and the author of â€Å"Confessions of an Economic Hit Man†, to discuss the history of economic theory and his involvement in the manipulation of the financial organizations like the world bank and the International Monetary fund (IMF). Perkins says that, during the past decades when ‘hot money’ was in circulation, he was actually seduced into luring the poor countries who had huge debts into further debts ( Henderson, Perkins, Rogoff, & Fukuda-Parr, 2005). This was purposed so that these countries would hold to the government policies of the United States. For instance, Indonesia became a victim when the United States loaned it billion of dollars, which was later taken by the US in the name of building for them projects back in the US. They continued paying back the loan with the huge interests until they could no more. This left Indonesia with a huge debt that they would never repay logically thus holding on to the US government. Therefore, this gave the US a chance to manipulate the Indonesians by fetching resources their country such as oil. Finally, Perkins confesses that whatever he was asked to do was technically politics and not assisting the poor countries to get out from their poverty (Henderson, Perkins, Rogoff, & Fukuda-Parr, 2005). I think this was an unfair way of trying to control the entire world. The US government went overboard in trying to exercise their superiority. Professor Kenneth Rogoff, who is the chief economist at the IMF, suggests that instead of giving out loans the US government would have given the underdeveloped countries grants.  Ã‚  

Government And The Long Island Sound Essay -- essays research papers

The Long Island Sound   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Long Island Sound is a vital resource used by both humans and wildlife. The quality of its water is an issue that affects everyone and everything. Scientific studies and continuous monitoring provide evidence as to what actions need to be taken to improve and restore the water quality. In more ways than one, the United States government has devoted much of its time to ensure the revival and protection of the Long Island Sound.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many ways to help in the protection of the Long Island Sound. Various government agencies and organizations initiate projects beneficial to the Sound. The government donates grants and monies for funding for the Long Island Sound. There are also bills and legislation passed by the government, which provides laws protecting the sound.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Long Island Sound Study (LISS) is a partnership devoted in the restoration and protection of the Sound. This partnership involves federal, state, interstate, and local agencies, universities, environmental groups, industry, and the public in a program to protect and restore the health of Long Island Sound. The Long Island Sound Study has seven issues deserving special attention. These issues are low oxygen conditions, otherwise called hypoxia, toxic contamination, pathogen contamination, floatable debris, the impact of these water quality problems and habitat degradation and loss on the health of living resources, public involvement and education, and land use.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The LISS is undergoing studies that in hopes will reduce the extent of hypoxia. In order to restore the health of Long Island Sound additional nitrogen reduction is needed. Two major research efforts have provided much of the information on how low oxygen conditions affect living resources in the Sound. The EPA’s (Environmental Protections Agencies) Office of Research and Development conducted a study which was the first major research effort.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study used a variety of species of fish, crab, shrimp, lobster, and other crustaceans known to live on the bottom waters of the Long Island Sound were exposed to low levels of oxygen in the laboratory. The effect of different concentration of oxygen on growth and survival was measured. The second study w... ...responsible for billions of dollars of the regions economy. The government is right in its decision to do anything within reason to help the revival and preservation of the Sound. I am an environmentalist and am very pro- nature and wildlife. I feel that if we as humans are destroying and polluting the Sound, it is our responsibility to join in the effort to restore it for generations of people and wildlife to come. Works Cited DeVilleneuve, Robert, and Frank Herec. Long Island Sound Study: Summary of the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan. New York: The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Bureau of Publications, 1994. Long Island Sound Study Partnership. Long Island Sound Study: Phase III Actions for Hypoxia Management. New York: The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Bureau of Publications, 1998. United States. Congress. House. Long Island Sound Preservation and Protection Act. Washington: May 2, 2000. United States. Congress. House. Long Island Sound Protection Act. Washington: July 13, 1999. United States. Congress. House. Long Island Sound Restoration Act. Washington: May 8, 2000.

Reconstruction 1965-77 a false dawn for African-American Civil Rights Essay

To what Degree was Reconstruction 1965-77 a false dawn for African-American civil Rights? After the end of the civil war, there were many issues which needed to be addressed. The civil rights of the African American’s were in need of change, and during this period there were hopes that new legislation would be implemented to aid African Americans and other minority groups. This legislation would be called the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the 14th Amendment of 1868 (which promised equality), and finally the 15th Amendment (which gave the right to vote). However, despite the positive legislation, reconstruction aggravated a lot of people and brought the southern states into conflict with the Government. The Freedmen’s Bureau was established in 1865, which aimed to provide food, clothing, and fuel to formal slaves and white refugees. The Freedmen’s Bureau bill was also passed by Abraham Lincoln; however Johnson vetoed it, however a supplementary act extended its existence until 1870. This was very good for black rights, as it gave blacks more protection and a safety net if they were too poor to buy food and support their families. However, it was only meant as a temporary act, and therefore there was always the looming feeling that it would soon come to an end, and also the promises of it were not fulfilled to the extent at which it was said to be. The Amendments which were introduced also gave black people a real hope in gaining independence and freedom. The 13th amendment was introduced in 1865, and this guaranteed the permanent abolishment of slavery. The emancipation proclamation which was introduced by Abraham Lincoln was seen as more of a temporary fix whilst the war was going on, however the 13th amendment solidified it and made it a more permanent and clear reality. â€Å"Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime where of the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† However, although by law it states that there shall be no slavery, slavery continued on a more hidden basis. Sharecropping still existed, and freedmen who had come out of slavery with no qualifications or experience became unemployed, so the living conditions for most freedmen did not improve. Slave-owners were also reluctant to let their slaves leave, and often kept them illegally. The 14th Amendment however was introduced in 1870, and this aimed to further secure the rights of the freedmen. This turned out to be one of the most important Amendments ever made to the American constitution. It threatened to reduce the representation of the states which continued to discriminate. However, a loophole in this law was that the states which continued to discriminate would just accept the unequal representation, but carry on with their discrimination, yet just not so obvious. Therefore by some, this could be seen as a false dawn, as it did address the issue of freedmen not having rights, but it also created a loophole for the southern states to take advantage of. The 15th Amendment was introduced two years later, which aimed to cover the loophole which was created by the 14th amendment. This stated: â€Å"Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude† This was a huge step forward for black civil rights, as this means that the south was not able to carry on with their discrimination against many voters, and this nullified the loophole in the law which was created by the 14th Amendment. However, more loopholes were created with this, with unattainable requirements being implemented just to be able to vote. For example, voters in some states had to be taxpayers which was not possible for freedmen, as most were not earning enough to be able to pay tax, and also literacy tests were introduced which were severely biased against black people, with questions which were completely unanswerable. Another reason why this did not entirely work was because of the uprising of the KKK. They were a terrorist group which aimed to scare black people into not voting, and to basically cause terror because they were black. They at first were not an ultra-violent group, however as time progressed they quickly became increasingly violent, as lynchings were common, and they would often target the black people who were doing well for themselves, I.E lawyers who were doing a lot for civil rights, or those who went to vote. Because of this huge suppression and hatred, a lot of black people were scared to vote and in reality voting was not a freedom for black people. Some historians would say that reconstruction it itself did not really care for the black rights, and that it was a political move to try and remain Republican power in the south. Abraham Lincoln himself did not have a clear policy for freed slaves after the Civil War, so reconstruction was not seen as a solid plan from the start, it was looking like a false dawn. â€Å"False Dawn† – â€Å"something which seems to show that a successful period is beginning or that a situation is improving when it is not.† â€Å"Reconstruction† – â€Å"The act of constructing again, of rebuilding† Bibliography – * Wikipedia * Class Notes * Civil Rights In America – Ron Field * About.com

Case Study Analysis - 594 Words

| Immediate Problem: The problem that Bert is faced with is that he is having difficulty adapting to the structure of the company and dealing with the problems that arise. Root problem 1: Managing diversity in the workplace Analysis topic 1: Cultural Differences Cultural Differences South Korea | Canada | * Presidential republic * Confucian System * Workplace inequality (Employers are given much more power over workers) * Cannot question authority * Doesn’t strictly obey contract * Honor relationships more than contract * Difficult to get rid of contract | * Democratic Representation * Equality in workplace * Zero tolerance for discrimination * Respect our rights and freedoms * Strictly obey†¦show more content†¦* Decision criteria 2: Bert’s best decision would be in deciding what he really wants to achieve out of his job (for ex. a leadership position so that he can have a voice and make decisions within the organization). In doing so, Bert could gain influential status within the company, thus resulting in an increase of his power. Root problem 3: Communication Analysis topic 3: The Negotiation Process Bert did not effectively communicate with his boss and he simply skipped through the mandatory stages in the negotiation process. This is evident when Bert was discussing his pay with his boss. He missed vital steps in the negotiation process. The negotiation process contains several subsidiary processes which include; developing a strategy, defining ground rules, clarification and justification, bargaining and problem solving, and closure and implementation. However, Bert simply jumped from the developing a strategy process, which included; Bert’s realization of who he needs to contact (his boss), where to find out information regarding the differences in pay cheques, and his formulation of a plan to contact his boss regarding various issues. 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Hero Of Animal Farm Essay - 673 Words

During the great struggle that had occurred in this great fable (or novel), many of animals had done a great deed of work. The animals had formed a rebellion (Soon later to be called the Battle of Cowshed) against their heartless and cruel human enemies. With the great knowledge of the pigs and the effort of the rest of the other animals, they had overthrown the humans and replenished the farm into a sufficient stable farm suitable for the animals. They had taken very good care of their farm. Yet out of all the creatures that had now inhabited the farm, only one creature stood out to be the hero (protagonist) of the story. It is Boxer who is the unsung hero of the farm. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The farm had been taken well care of†¦show more content†¦Then it would come to the time that he would work too much. He felt that he needed to do all this so that everyone would be satisfied. He would always be the first one out on the field working and the last one off. Boxer had work as hard as anyone did in the farm. Not one animal had the strength and determination that Boxer had possessed. Without his courageousness and might the farm would have been taken over by the evil humans in which the animals feared. Boxer had made an example to all the animals to go and work harder. He was the very idol and model for everyone working in the fields. As the years went by it was decided that a windmill was needed for electricity. The animals were unsuccessful when the wind knock down the windmill. Despite what had happened, the determined animals had decided to make a new windmill. This windmill was to be annihilated be the humans that had attacked. Boxer had been injured during this battle. Nevertheless he had refused to rest. He would not give up until a new windmill would be built before his retirement. He then went on with his work. 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With all the power given to only him, he begins controlling every accept of the animals lives and forces them to follow his rules. Eventually they are back where they were in the beginning with MrRead MoreAnimal Farm Essay838 Words   |  4 Pagessatire Animal Farm becomes a movie . Like the book, the movie is a drama/ action film. It focuses on a farm, - Manor Farm- which is run by an alcoholic farmer known as the character Jones. Jones mistreats, abuses and starves the animals, forcing them to work day after day, striving to make the farm a success. This is because he is in debt and fears the possibility of losing the farm. Unfortunately, his hard work didnt pay off, and Jones was faced with more disappointment. The animals grow tiredRead MoreSummary and Comment on Animal Farm (6th Grade)965 Words   |  4 PagesThe book ‘The Animal Farm’ is a cleverly written book by George Orwell, which was first published in 1945. The time in which the book’s happenings play is not very specific, but can be concluded to the early 20th century in a farm house of rural England. In this book George Orwell describes the negative sides of communism by using different animals on a farm to substitute the different ranks and positions of people in a communist country. This fictional story features quite a few main characters